AinSophAur's New Writeupshttp://everything2.com/?node=New%20Writeups%20Atom%20Feed&foruser=AinSophAur2003-06-16T09:38:57ZVernon Kell (person)http://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur/writeups/Vernon+KellAinSophAurhttp://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur2003-06-16T09:38:57Z2003-06-16T09:38:57Z<p>Vernon Kell was born on 21st of November 1873, son of Major Waldegrave Kell. Kell was extremely good at languages, being able to speak <a href="/title/German">German</a>, <a href="/title/Italian">Italian</a>, <a href="/title/Polish">Polish</a> and <a href="/title/French">French</a>(and later <a href="/title/Russian">Russian</a> and <a href="/title/Chinese">Chinese</a>). After school, he joined the <a href="/title/British+Army">British Army</a> and he was assigned as a translator after leaving Sandhurst.</p> <p>Kell fought in the Chinese <a href="/title/Boxer+Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> and he acted as an intelligence officer in Tientsin, China. In 1907 Kell was moved to the CID to become Director of the Home Section of the Secret Service Bureau where he controlled <a href="/title/espionage">espionage</a> matters within <a href="/title/Britain">Britain</a>. Two years later, in 1909, Captain Vernon Kell and Captain Mansfield Cumming founded the Secret Service Bureau.</p><p> Kell became the leader of the homeland area that later became known as <a href="/title/MI5">MI5</a>, whereas Cumming became the leader of the foreign branch (<a href="/title/MI6">MI6</a>). The respective leaders of each branch are still known as “K” (Kell, MI5) and “C” (Cumming, MI6). By 1914, MI5 consisted of only 14 people (Officers, a <a href="/title/Barrister">Barrister</a>,<!-- close unclosed tag --></p>…Nitrogen Cycle (idea)http://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur/writeups/Nitrogen+CycleAinSophAurhttp://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur2003-06-11T10:54:13Z2003-06-11T10:54:13Z<p><a href="/title/Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> is a very <a href="/title/inert">inert</a> in its gaseous form because between <a href="/title/atom">atom</a>s it forms a very strong triple <a href="/title/bond">bond</a>. Nitrogen is also a very necessary <a href="/title/chemical">chemical</a> because all <a href="/title/organism">organism</a>s need nitrogen-containing compounds to synthesise <a href="/title/amino+acids">amino acids</a>.</p><p> There are three main pathways which Nitrogen can be “fixed” from i.e. Put into a compound from which it can be easily obtained. Firstly, <a href="/title/lightning">lightning</a> can break apart Nitrogen molecules and allow them to bond with <a href="/title/Oxygen">Oxygen</a>, forming NO<sub>2</sub>. This is probably the way that Nitrogen was originally fixed to allow organisms to develop.</p><p> Another method is for bacteria to fix Nitrogen. Bacteria such as Rhizobium can make NH<sub>3</sub> (ammonia) with an enzyme such as Nitrogenase. Bacteria such as these are found in "nodules" of legumous plants. The plant and the bacteria enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship whereby the plant feeds the bacteria and the bacteria produces nitrogen containing compounds for the plant.</p><p>We can also make ammonia<!-- close unclosed tag --></p>…bacterial production of insulin (idea)http://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur/writeups/bacterial+production+of+insulinAinSophAurhttp://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur2003-06-11T10:18:28Z2003-06-11T10:18:28Z<p><b>Bacterial Production of Insulin</b></p>
<a href="/title/Insulin">Insulin</a> is a <a href="/title/hormone">hormone</a> made in the <a href="/title/pancreas">pancreas</a> that is used to adjust the level of <a href="/title/glucose">glucose</a> in the <a href="/title/blood">blood</a>. For a diabetic, the amount of insulin fluctuates so they need to manually adjust the level in their <a href="/title/blood">blood</a>, for which they need a supply of <a href="/title/insulin">insulin</a>. <a href="/title/Insulin">Insulin</a> was in the past always obtained from the <a href="/title/pancreas">pancreas</a> of <a href="/title/pig">pig</a>s. This resulted in problems concerning its <a href="/title/efficiency">efficiency</a> and possibility of <a href="/title/rejection">rejection</a> from the body. <p>However, due to recent investigations into biological <a href="/title/engineering">engineering</a> it has been possible to obtain <a href="/title/insulin">insulin</a> that will not be rejected and is as efficient as <a href="/title/human">human</a> <a href="/title/insulin">insulin</a>, because indeed it is human insulin, only it is not obtained from humans. <a href="/title/Bacteria">Bacteria</a>l cells are what is known as Prokayotic cells because they do not have the complex <a href="/title/organelle">organelle</a>s that eukaryotic (e.g. mammalian cells) have. Whereas Eukaryotic cell contain their <a href="/title/DNA">DNA</a> in a con fined nucleus in the form of chromosomes, Bacteria either keep their <a href="/title/DNA">DNA</a><!-- close unclosed tag --></p>…gaseous exchange in the body (thing)http://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur/writeups/gaseous+exchange+in+the+bodyAinSophAurhttp://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur2003-06-11T09:51:48Z2003-06-11T09:51:48Z<p><b>Gaseous Exchange</b></p>
<p><a href="/title/Erythrocyte">Erythrocyte</a>s (red blood cells) in the mammalian body are filled with a globular protein called <a href="/title/Haemoglobin">Haemoglobin</a>. This <a href="/title/molecule">molecule</a> consists of 4 <a href="/title/polypeptide">polypeptide</a> chains each with an <a href="/title/Iron">Iron</a> Haem group in the centre. This Haem group is very important for gaseous exchange.</p>
<p> Once the Erythrocyte, laden with Oxygen molecules, reaches some tissues which have an <a href="/title/Oxygen">Oxygen</a> deficit, the following reaction occurs:</p>
<p> CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O <> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> <> HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + H <sup>+</sup></p><p>(<> = a reversible reaction)</p>
<p>This equation is catalysed by the highly efficient <a href="/title/enzyme">enzyme</a> called Carbonic Anhydrase. The CO<sub>2</sub> is absorbed into the red blood cell then in this <a href="/title/equation">equation</a> it is reacted with water to make firstly to Hydrogen Carbonate and then to Hydrogen Carbonate<sup>-</sup> ions and H<sup>+</sup> ions. The HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> ions are pumped out of the cell and are replaced with Cl<sup>-</sup> ions to<!-- close unclosed tag --></p>…Solar chimney (idea)http://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur/writeups/Solar+chimneyAinSophAurhttp://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur2003-06-06T14:11:47Z2003-06-06T14:11:47Z<p><b><a href="/title/Solar">Solar</a> <a href="/title/Chimney">Chimney</a></b></p>
<p>The principle behind a <a href="/title/solar">solar</a> <a href="/title/chimney%2520">chimney </a>is quite simple and it is not all that different from the idea of having a <a href="/title/hydroelectric+dam">hydroelectric dam</a>. Firstly, a large glass roof is put up over a large area (the bigger the better) with a roof that slopes slightly upwards towards the centre. In the centre is a large "<a href="/title/chimney">chimney</a>" that (will work best when it is high) between the glass floor and the chimney is a collection of wind turbines facing inwards. During the day, as the sun shines down on the ground (as it can pass through the glass) the air begins to rise. As it does so the air is channeled into the centre by the sloping roof, where it will be pushed up through the <a href="/title/chimney">chimney</a> and out the top, spinning the generators as it does so. Water pipes are placed beneath the glass on the floor so that they are heated during the day and release their heat at night.</p> This method is more efficient than solar power as not only can it produce 24-hour a day power, but it will also keep…AS90 (thing)http://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur/writeups/AS90AinSophAurhttp://m.everything2.com/user/AinSophAur2003-05-26T13:33:21Z2003-05-26T13:33:21Z<p>General</p>
<p>The AS90 is a <a href="/title/modern">modern</a> self-propelled gun that is in service today with the <a href="/title/British+army">British army</a> and the Polish army. Entering service in 1993 with the <a href="/title/British+army">British army</a> the AS90 replaces the ageing Abbot and American made (and still in service with the Americans) <a href="/title/M109A6+Paladin+Self+Propelled+Howitzer">M109</a>.
The AS90 has a crew of 5 that includes a driver, a commander, a gun loader, a gun layer (targeting) and an operator to co-ordinate the battery. The <a href="/title/British+army">British army</a> has at the moment 179 AS90s.</p>
<p>Targeting</p>
<p>The AS90 is equipped with an autonomous navigation and gun laying system (AGLS) which means that the AS90 can fire independently without <a href="/title/line+of+sight">line of sight</a>. The targeting movement of the gun is entirely computer controlled, allowing turret rotation and elevation to within 1 <a href="/title/mil">mil</a> (1 mil = 0.05625 degrees). For <a href="/title/line+of+sight">line of sight</a> <a href="/title/target">targets</a> the AS90 has a day/night sight for the gunner.</p>
<p>Weapons systems</p>
<p>The AS90’s primary weapon is the 155mm gun of either 39<!-- close unclosed tag --></p>…