How to Solve It (Princeton University Press, 1957) is a wonderful little book by mathematician George Pólya. It is the handbook for attacking a hard problem and is cited by almost anyone studying the science/art of problem solving. His program is useful for any researcher.

HOW TO SOLVE IT, G. Pólya - Summary

Understanding the Problem

Devising a Plan

  • Find the connection between the data and the unknown. You may be obliged to consider auxiliary problems if an immediate connection cannot be found. You should obtain eventually a plan of the solution.
  • Have you seen it before? Or have you seen the same problem in a slightly different form?
  • Do you know a related problem? Do you know a theorem that could be useful?
  • Look at the unknown! And try to think of a familiar problem having the same or a similar unknown.
  • Here is a problem related to yours and solved before. Could you use it? Could you use its result? Could you use its method? Should you introduce some auxiliary element in order to make its use possible?
  • Could you restate the problem? Could you restate it still differently? Go back to definitions.
  • If you cannot solve the proposed problem try to solve first some related problem. Could you imagine a more accessible related problem? A more general problem? A more special problem? An analogous problem? Could you solve a part of the problem? Keep only a part of the condition, drop the other part; how far is the unknown then determined, how can it vary? Could you derive something useful from the data? Could you think of other data appropriate to determine the unknown? Could you change the unknown or the data, or both if necessary, so that the new unknown and the new data are nearer to each other?
  • Did you use all the data? Did you use the whole condition? Have you taken into account all essential notions involved in the problem?

Carrying Out the Plan

  • Carrying out your plan of the solution, check each step. Can you see clearly that the step is correct? Can you prove that it is correct?

Looking Back

Log in or register to write something here or to contact authors.