inverter

An inverter is an electronic component used in digital systems that takes the logical value of its input and complements it. So, if the input voltage is logically low, a high voltage appears on the output, and vice versa. The exact values of the high and low voltages depend on the semiconductor family. See CMOS, TTL.

Here are a few symbols for the same piece of hardware, depending upon the desired use. Also, a polarity indicator (wedge) might replace the bubble.

Hi -> Lo         Lo -> Hi           In | Out
                                   ----+----
 |\                |\                H |  L
-| \o-           -o| \--             L |  H
 | /               | /
 |/                |/

Power Inverter

A nifty little box that most commonly turns a car's DC output into AC so that you can run things like TVs, laptop computers, or camcorders from the car. They commonly plug into a car's cigarette lighter socket, but there are a few that come with battery clamps.

An inverter is also an electronic device that converts DC to AC, for example 12 V DC to 120 V AC. It is also called a DC/AC converter, and is used in UPS:es, and for powering household appliances from a battery and/or solar panel.

The simple inverters produce an output waveform that is almost a square wave. This is simple and efficient, but may not work for more demanding devices, such as computers, computer monitors or hifi systems. The more advanced inverters produce a pure sine wave. Typically, the efficiency is 85 - 95 %.

It is important to remember that an inverter increases the voltage, but not the power, so the output current is proportionally lower.

Example: You have a 12 V battery and want to power a 120 V, 60 W lightbulb. The current through the lightbulb will be 60 / 120 = 0.5 A. The battery needs to supply the same power, 60 W. Therefore the current from the battery will be 60 / 12 = 5 A, and even slightly more because of losses in the inverter.

I have not been able to find a good origin of the word inverter. A possible explanation is that it inverts the actions of a power supply.