Archery has come a long way from the bent stick cut from a hedge. The modern day bow, as used in the Olympic Games is the product of some quite high tech materials science and engineering. The modern day recurve bow consists of 3 main pieces, the riser, the limbs, and the string. The riser, or the handle if you prefer, is now usually CNC machined from aircraft grade aluminium. But other lightweight, strong materials can be used, eg magnesium or even carbon fibre The limbs, the bits that bend and do the work, are a composite material, made from layers of wood and fibreglass, or in the really high tech (ie expensive) models, syntatic foam and carbon fibre. Don't ask me what syntatic foam is, I don't know, it's patented, I reckon it behaves linearly over wide temperature ranges, whereas the more common wood doesn't. The string is made from very high tensile strength polymers such as kevlar.

Also see compound bows