In 1990, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) established the zero-emission-vehicles (ZEV) program to meet health-based air-quality goals. Since then, four north-eastern American states have decided to adopt California's LEV program (including the ZEV program) in place of less stringent federal tailpipe standards. Those states are Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, and New York.
The ZEV program was designed to catalyze the commercialization of advanced-technology vehicles that would not have any tailpipe or evaporative emissions. Originally, the ZEV program required that 2 percent of new vehicles produced for sale in 1998 and 10 percent of new vehicles produced for sale in 2003 would be zero emission vehicles. Automakers convinced CARB that they could not meet the 1998 deadline. They also opposed the 2003 requirements. Fortunately for the environmentalists, the CARB rejected automaker lobbying. The 2003 requirements will go into effect on schedule with some modifications set in place for differing vehicle technology. In California, the amount of emission released, both by increased car number and increased distance travelled, will increase in years to come. Conventional gasoline-powered vehicles will never be pollution-free, no matter the technological evolution of tailpipes. It is hoped that widespread use of zero emission cars would reduce smog-forming exhaust in the Los Angeles area 30% by 2020, air officials say.
The only cars on the market today that are true zero-emission vehicles are battery-powered electric vehicles as they emit no pollution from the tailpipe and can be zero emission from their power source if they recharge using clean, renewable energy. Fuel cell vehicles that are powered by hydrogen fuel are currently in the development stages and will also qualify as true ZEVs.