An ultra-marathon is a running race that tests the bounds of human sanity even more than your usual marathon. The Leadville Trail 100, for instance, is a great example. It has an excessive distance (100 Miles), hostile environment (Colorado Wilderness, at 10,000ft of elevation and up), and long running time (up to 30 hours).
People who run these races call themselves ultra-runners. They seem to average around 40 years of age. These people use ordinary marathons as training runs.