1801

• American painter Thomas Cole.
• French economist Frédéric Bastiat.
• Mormon patriarch Brigham Young.
• Scottish historian John Millar.
• German physiologist Johannes Müller.
• French architect Henri P.F. Labrouste.
• American Catholic leader John Henry Newman.
• English astronomer George Airy.
• Russian mathematician Michel Ostrogradski.
• German mathematician ulius Plücker.
• American frontier writer Caroline Kirkland.
• Italian opera composer Vincenzo Bellini.
• American politician Justin Smith Morrill, creator of land grant colleges.

• Freiherr Georg Leopold Philipp Friedrich von Hardenberg, better known as the German poet Novalis.
• (March 21) Tsar Paul I of Russia, assassinated by nobles; his son Alexander I succeeds him.
• German composer Karl Philip Stamitz.
• American theologian Johnathan Edwards.
• Italian composer Domenico Cimarosa.

• There are all sorts of partisan political shenanigans surrounding the fiasco surrounding the Presidential election of 1800:
• It is up to the Federalist-dominated lame-duck House of Representatives to choose between the two Democratic-Republican candidates, since the new House of Representatives has not yet taken office.
• (February 11)  After 36 separate votes and some wheeling and dealing, Alexander Hamilton throws his support to Thomas Jefferson, who becomes President, and gains the enmity of the new Vice-President, Aaron Burr.
• (February 13) Congress passes the Judiciary Act, setting up Federal District Courts and Circuit Courts, and giving the President the power to appoint Federal judges and justices of the peace.   It also reduces the Supreme Court to five members, denying Jefferson a Supreme Court appointment. Just before leaving office, John Adams names John Marshall as Chief Justice and appoints Federalists to fill all of the positions created by the Judiciary Act.
• (March 4) Jefferson takes office as President.
• The fiasco of the 1800 election leads to the 12th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
• Europe calms down for a while:
• (January 1) The Act of Union forcing Ireland to be part of the United Kingdom takes effect.
• (February 9) In the wake of the Battle of Marengo, the French army under Napoleon Bonaparte is poised to enter Austria. Austria cedes all of its territory in Northern Italy to France with the Treaty of Luneville.
• (March 17) George III refuses to allow the social and economic reforms in Ireland suggested by Prime Minister William Pitt in the wake of the Act of Union.  George so dislikes the idea of Catholic emancipation so much that he and Henry Addington force Pitt to resign.  Addington becomes Prime Minister.
• (April 2) Horatio Nelson disobeys his orders and destroys the Danish fleet at Copenhagen.
• (June 18) The French army in Egypt surrenders to British and Ottoman forces. The Rosetta Stone goes to the British Museum.
• (July 15) Napoleon and the Catholic Church reconcile with a Concordat re-establishing the Church in France, under control of the French government.
• (October 1) Preliminaries to a peace treaty between France and Great Britain are signed in London.
• (January 26) Toussaint L'Ouverture invades and conquers the Spanish-controlled eastern half of Hispaniola,
• (March) Napoleon appoints Toussaint captain-general of Hispaniola.

1800 - 1801 - 1802

How they Were Made - 19th Century