Static means
stagnation,
unchanging, or not
moving.
It is also a form of electricity which we are frequently reminded of during cold weather; upon reaching for a grounded metal object, we can experience several thousand volts of static electricity (fortunately the amperage is too low to do any damage).
Static friction is the friction which must be overcome to put an object into initial motion. Static friction (such as that on a book lying flat on a table) makes the initial movment of the object require more energy than what is required to overcome the object's dynamic friction (after the book is already in motion).