HTML uses the idea of something called a "
character entity". Put something between an
& and a
semicolon, and you will get some symbol. For example, < is <, > is >, and & is &. Most symbols can be accessed by both a number (&) and a word (&).
By using the character entities, you can use symbols in your e2 writeups. Two more symbols you will find extremely useful are [ and ], [ and ], which will allow you to use square brackets on e2 without hardlinking.
Since there are a lot of these symbols, remembering all or even most of them is impossible, and most reference guides are incomplete, following for your reading pleasure is what according to the w3c is all of the standard defined html entities. Any time you see this reference something as a U followed by a hexadecimal number, the thing being referenced is the unicode sybol with that hex value. Other places you might want to look would be everyone's writeup and the fourth chapter of n-wing's writeup on E2 HTML tags, as well as HTML special characters. Information on the source of this document is at the end.
One more funky thing; For some odd reason, there are a great many of these entities (mostly above ÿ) that Netscape (OK, and some other browsers) supports the number-based version of but not the word-based version of. As such i have used the number-based version for all of the symbols below, and i suggest you do as well, even though it will make your HTML unreadable, and is cruel toward the lynx users.
- -- --   -- no-break space
- ¡ -- ¡ -- ¡ -- inverted exclamation mark
- ¢ -- ¢ -- ¢ -- cent sign
- £ -- £ -- £ -- pound sterling sign
- ¤ -- ¤ -- ¤ -- general currency sign
- ¥ -- ¥ -- ¥ -- yen sign
- ¦ -- ¦ -- ¦ -- broken (vertical) bar
- § -- § -- § -- section sign
- ¨ -- ¨ -- ¨ -- umlaut (dieresis)
- © -- © -- © -- copyright sign
- ª -- ª -- ª -- ordinal indicator, feminine
- « -- « -- « -- angle quotation mark, left
- ¬ -- ¬ -- ¬ -- not sign
- -- ­ -- ­ -- soft hyphen
- ® -- ® -- ® -- registered sign
- ¯ -- ¯ -- ¯ -- macron
- ° -- ° -- ° -- degree sign
- ± -- ± -- ± -- plus-or-minus sign
- ² -- ² -- ² -- superscript two
- ³ -- ³ -- ³ -- superscript three
- ´ -- ´ -- ´ -- acute accent
- µ -- µ -- µ -- micro sign
- ¶ -- ¶ -- ¶ -- pilcrow (paragraph sign)
- · -- · -- · -- middle dot
- ¸ -- ¸ -- ¸ -- cedilla
- ¹ -- ¹ -- ¹ -- superscript one
- º -- º -- º -- ordinal indicator, masculine
- » -- » -- » -- angle quotation mark, right
- ¼ -- ¼ -- ¼ -- fraction one-quarter
- ½ -- ½ -- ½ -- fraction one-half
- ¾ -- ¾ -- ¾ -- fraction three-quarters
- ¿ -- ¿ -- ¿ -- inverted question mark
- À -- À -- À -- capital A, grave accent
- Á -- Á -- Á -- capital A, acute accent
- Â -- Â -- Â -- capital A, circumflex accent
- Ã -- Ã -- Ã -- capital A, tilde
- Ä -- Ä -- Ä -- capital A, dieresis or umlaut mark
- Å -- Å -- Å -- capital A, ring
- Æ -- Æ -- Æ -- capital AE diphthong (ligature)
- Ç -- Ç -- Ç -- capital C, cedilla
- È -- È -- È -- capital E, grave accent
- É -- É -- É -- capital E, acute accent
- Ê -- Ê -- Ê -- capital E, circumflex accent
- Ë -- Ë -- Ë -- capital E, dieresis or umlaut mark
- Ì -- Ì -- Ì -- capital I, grave accent
- Í -- Í -- Í -- capital I, acute accent
- Î -- Î -- Î -- capital I, circumflex accent
- Ï -- Ï -- Ï -- capital I, dieresis or umlaut mark
- Ð -- Ð -- Ð -- capital Eth, Icelandic
- Ñ -- Ñ -- Ñ -- capital N, tilde
- Ò -- Ò -- Ò -- capital O, grave accent
- Ó -- Ó -- Ó -- capital O, acute accent
- Ô -- Ô -- Ô -- capital O, circumflex accent
- Õ -- Õ -- Õ -- capital O, tilde
- Ö -- Ö -- Ö -- capital O, dieresis or umlaut mark
- × -- × -- × -- multiply sign
- Ø -- Ø -- Ø -- capital O, slash
- Ù -- Ù -- Ù -- capital U, grave accent
- Ú -- Ú -- Ú -- capital U, acute accent
- Û -- Û -- Û -- capital U, circumflex accent
- Ü -- Ü -- Ü -- capital U, dieresis or umlaut mark
- Ý -- Ý -- Ý -- capital Y, acute accent
- Þ -- Þ -- Þ -- capital THORN, Icelandic
- ß -- ß -- ß -- small sharp s, German (sz ligature)
- à -- à -- à -- small a, grave accent
- á -- á -- á -- small a, acute accent
- â -- â -- â -- small a, circumflex accent
- ã -- ã -- ã -- small a, tilde
- ä -- ä -- ä -- small a, dieresis or umlaut mark
- å -- å -- å -- small a, ring
- æ -- æ -- æ -- small ae diphthong (ligature)
- ç -- ç -- ç -- small c, cedilla
- è -- è -- è -- small e, grave accent
- é -- é -- é -- small e, acute accent
- ê -- ê -- ê -- small e, circumflex accent
- ë -- ë -- ë -- small e, dieresis or umlaut mark
- ì -- ì -- ì -- small i, grave accent
- í -- í -- í -- small i, acute accent
- î -- î -- î -- small i, circumflex accent
- ï -- ï -- ï -- small i, dieresis or umlaut mark
- ð -- ð -- ð -- small eth, Icelandic
- ñ -- ñ -- ñ -- small n, tilde
- ò -- ò -- ò -- small o, grave accent
- ó -- ó -- ó -- small o, acute accent
- ô -- ô -- ô -- small o, circumflex accent
- õ -- õ -- õ -- small o, tilde
- ö -- ö -- ö -- small o, dieresis or umlaut mark
- ÷ -- ÷ -- ÷ -- divide sign
- ø -- ø -- ø -- small o, slash
- ù -- ù -- ù -- small u, grave accent
- ú -- ú -- ú -- small u, acute accent
- û -- û -- û -- small u, circumflex accent
- ü -- ü -- ü -- small u, dieresis or umlaut mark
- ý -- ý -- ý -- small y, acute accent
- þ -- þ -- þ -- small thorn, Icelandic
- ÿ -- ÿ -- ÿ -- small y, dieresis or umlaut mark
- À -- ƒ -- À -- latin small f with hook, =function, =florin, U0192 ISOtech
- Α -- Α -- Α -- greek capital letter alpha, U0391
- Β -- Β -- Β -- greek capital letter beta, U0392
- Γ -- Γ -- Γ -- greek capital letter gamma, U0393 ISOgrk3
- Δ -- Δ -- Δ -- greek capital letter delta, U0394 ISOgrk3
- Ε -- Ε -- Ε -- greek capital letter epsilon, U0395
- Ζ -- Ζ -- Ζ -- greek capital letter zeta, U0396
- Η -- Η -- Η -- greek capital letter eta, U0397
- Θ -- Θ -- Θ -- greek capital letter theta, U0398 ISOgrk3
- Ι -- Ι -- Ι -- greek capital letter iota, U0399
- Κ -- Κ -- Κ -- greek capital letter kappa, U039A
- Λ -- Λ -- Λ -- greek capital letter lambda, U039B ISOgrk3
- Μ -- Μ -- Μ -- greek capital letter mu, U039C
- Ν -- Ν -- Ν -- greek capital letter nu, U039D
- Ξ -- Ξ -- Ξ -- greek capital letter xi, U039E ISOgrk3
- Ο -- Ο -- Ο -- greek capital letter omicron, U039F
- Π -- Π -- Π -- greek capital letter pi, U03A0 ISOgrk3
- Ρ -- Ρ -- Ρ -- greek capital letter rho, U03A1
(there is no Sigmaf, and no U03A2 character either)
- Σ -- Σ -- Σ -- greek capital letter sigma, U03A3 ISOgrk3
- Τ -- Τ -- Τ -- greek capital letter tau, U03A4
- Υ -- ϒ -- Υ -- greek capital letter upsilon, U03A5 ISOgrk3
- Φ -- Φ -- Φ -- greek capital letter phi, U03A6 ISOgrk3
- Χ -- Χ -- Χ -- greek capital letter chi, U03A7
- Ψ -- Ψ -- Ψ -- greek capital letter psi, U03A8 ISOgrk3
- Ω -- Ω -- Ω -- greek capital letter omega, U03A9 ISOgrk3
- α -- α -- α -- greek small letter alpha, U03B1 ISOgrk3
- β -- β -- β -- greek small letter beta, U03B2 ISOgrk3
- γ -- γ -- γ -- greek small letter gamma, U03B3 ISOgrk3
- δ -- δ -- δ -- greek small letter delta, U03B4 ISOgrk3
- ε -- ε -- ε -- greek small letter epsilon, U03B5 ISOgrk3
why not 'epsilon' ?? how to remember which three are truncated??
[mcc notes: a number of people have messaged me and informed me that this is, in fact, now "ε" in most browsers.]
- ζ -- ζ -- ζ -- greek small letter zeta, U03B6 ISOgrk3
- η -- η -- η -- greek small letter eta, U03B7 ISOgrk3
- θ -- θ -- θ -- greek small letter theta, U03B8 ISOgrk3
- ι -- ι -- ι -- greek small letter iota, U03B9 ISOgrk3
- κ -- κ -- κ -- greek small letter kappa, U03BA ISOgrk3
- λ -- λ -- λ -- greek small letter lambda, U03BB ISOgrk3
- μ -- μ -- μ -- greek small letter mu, U03BC ISOgrk3
- ν -- ν -- ν -- greek small letter nu, U03BD ISOgrk3
- ξ -- ξ -- ξ -- greek small letter xi, U03BE ISOgrk3
- ο -- ο -- ο -- greek small letter omicron, U03BF NEW
- π -- π -- π -- greek small letter pi, U03C0 ISOgrk3
- ρ -- ρ -- ρ -- greek small letter rho, U03C1 ISOgrk3
- ς -- ς -- ς -- greek small letter final sigma, U03C2 ISOgrk3
- σ -- σ -- σ -- greek small letter sigma, U03C3 ISOgrk3
- τ -- τ -- τ -- greek small letter tau, U03C4 ISOgrk3
- υ -- υ -- υ -- greek small letter upsilon, U03C5 ISOgrk3
- φ -- φ -- φ -- greek small letter phi, U03C6 ISOgrk3
- χ -- χ -- χ -- greek small letter chi, U03C7 ISOgrk3
- ψ -- ψ -- ψ -- greek small letter psi, U03C8 ISOgrk3
- ω -- ω -- ω -- greek small letter omega, U03C9 ISOgrk3
- ϑ -- θ -- ϑ -- greek small letter theta symbol, U03D1 NEW
- ϒ -- ϒ -- ϒ -- greek upsilon with hook symbol, U03D2 NEW
- ϖ -- ϖ -- ϖ -- greek pi symbol, U03D6 ISOgrk3
- • -- • -- • -- bullet, =black small circle, U2022 ISOpub
bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator, U2219
- … -- … -- … -- horizontal ellipsis, =three dot leader, U2026 ISOpub
- ′ -- ′ -- ′ -- prime, =minutes, =feet, U2032 ISOtech
- ″ -- ″ -- ″ -- double prime, =seconds, =inches, U2033 ISOtech
- ‾ -- ‾ -- ‾ -- overline, =spacing overscore, U203E NEW
- ⁄ -- ⁄ -- ⁄ -- fraction slash, U2044 NEW
- ℘ -- ℘ -- ℘ -- script capital P, =power set, =Weierstrass p, U2118 ISOamso
- ℑ -- ℑ -- ℑ -- blackletter capital I, =imaginary part, U2111 ISOamso
- ℜ -- ℜ -- ℜ -- blackletter capital R, =real part symbol, U211C ISOamso
- ™ -- ™ -- ™ -- trade mark sign, U2122 ISOnum
- ℵ -- ℵ -- ℵ -- alef symbol, =first transfinite cardinal, U2135 NEW
alef symbol is NOT the same as hebrew letter alef, U05D0 although the same glyph
could be used to depict both characters
- ← -- ← -- ← -- leftwards arrow, U2190 ISOnum
- ↑ -- ↑ -- ↑ -- upwards arrow, U2191 ISOnum
- → -- → -- → -- rightwards arrow, U2192 ISOnum
- ↓ -- ↓ -- ↓ -- downwards arrow, U2193 ISOnum
- ↔ -- ↔ -- ↔ -- left right arrow, U2194 ISOamsa
- ↵ -- ↵ -- ↵ -- downwards arrow with corner leftwards, =carriage return, U21B5 NEW
- ⇐ -- ⇐ -- ⇐ -- leftwards double arrow, U21D0 ISOtech
Unicode does not say that lArr is the same as the 'is implied by' arrow but also
does not have any other character for that function. So ? lArr can be used for
'is implied by' as ISOtech suggests
- ⇑ -- ⇑ -- ⇑ -- upwards double arrow, U21D1 ISOamsa
- ⇒ -- ⇒ -- ⇒ -- rightwards double arrow, U21D2 ISOtech
Unicode does not say this is the 'implies' character but does not have another
character with this function so ? rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech suggests
- ⇓ -- ⇓ -- ⇓ -- downwards double arrow, U21D3 ISOamsa
- ⇔ -- ⇔ -- ⇔ -- left right double arrow, U21D4 ISOamsa
- ∀ -- ∀ -- ∀ -- for all, U2200 ISOtech
- ∂ -- ∂ -- ∂ -- partial differential, U2202 ISOtech
- ∃ -- ∃ -- ∃ -- there exists, U2203 ISOtech
- ∅ -- ∅ -- ∅ -- empty set, =null set, =diameter, U2205 ISOamso
- ∇ -- ∇ -- ∇ -- nabla, =backward difference, U2207 ISOtech
- ∈ -- ∈ -- ∈ -- element of, U2208 ISOtech
- ∉ -- ∉ -- ∉ -- not an element of, U2209 ISOtech
- ∋ -- ∋ -- ∋ -- contains as member, U220B ISOtech
should there be a more memorable name than 'ni'?
- ∏ -- ∏ -- ∏ -- n-ary product, =product sign, U220F ISOamsb
prod is NOT the same character as U03A0 'greek capital letter pi' though the same
glyph might be used for both
- − -- ∑ -- − -- n-ary sumation, U2211 ISOamsb
sum is NOT the same character as U03A3 'greek capital letter sigma' though the same
glyph might be used for both
- − -- − -- − -- minus sign, U2212 ISOtech
- ∗ -- ∗ -- ∗ -- asterisk operator, U2217 ISOtech
- √ -- √ -- √ -- square root, =radical sign, U221A ISOtech
- ∝ -- ∝ -- ∝ -- proportional to, U221D ISOtech
- ∞ -- ∞ -- ∞ -- infinity, U221E ISOtech
- ∠ -- ∠ -- ∠ -- angle, U2220 ISOamso
- ⊥ -- ∧ -- ⊥ -- logical and, =wedge, U2227 ISOtech
- ⊦ -- ∨ -- ⊦ -- logical or, =vee, U2228 ISOtech
- ∩ -- ∩ -- ∩ -- intersection, =cap, U2229 ISOtech
- ∪ -- ∪ -- ∪ -- union, =cup, U222A ISOtech
- ∫ -- ∫ -- ∫ -- integral, U222B ISOtech
- ∴ -- ∴ -- ∴ -- therefore, U2234 ISOtech
- ∼ -- ∼ -- ∼ -- tilde operator, =varies with, =similar to, U223C ISOtech
tilde operator is NOT the same character as the tilde, U007E, although the same
glyph might be used to represent both
- ≅ -- ≅ -- ≅ -- approximately equal to, U2245 ISOtech
- ≅ -- ≈ -- ≅ -- almost equal to, =asymptotic to, U2248 ISOamsr
- ≠ -- ≠ -- ≠ -- not equal to, U2260 ISOtech
- ≡ -- ≡ -- ≡ -- identical to, U2261 ISOtech
- ≤ -- ≤ -- ≤ -- less-than or equal to, U2264 ISOtech
- ≥ -- ≥ -- ≥ -- greater-than or equal to, U2265 ISOtech
- ⊂ -- ⊂ -- ⊂ -- subset of, U2282 ISOtech
- ⊃ -- ⊃ -- ⊃ -- superset of, U2283 ISOtech
note that nsup, 'not a superset of, U2283' is not covered by the Symbol font
encoding and is not included. Should it be, for symmetry? It is in ISOamsn
- ⊄ -- ⊄ -- ⊄ -- not a subset of, U2284 ISOamsn
- ⊆ -- ⊆ -- ⊆ -- subset of or equal to, U2286 ISOtech
- ⊇ -- ⊇ -- ⊇ -- superset of or equal to, U2287 ISOtech
- ⊕ -- ⊕ -- ⊕ -- circled plus, =direct sum, U2295 ISOamsb
- ⊗ -- ⊗ -- ⊗ -- circled times, =vector product, U2297 ISOamsb
- ⊥ -- ⊥ -- ⊥ -- up tack, =orthogonal to, =perpendicular, U22A5 ISOtech
- ⋅ -- ⋅ -- ⋅ -- dot operator, U22C5 ISOamsb
dot operator is NOT the same character as U00B7 middle dot
- ⌈ -- ⌈ -- ⌈ -- left ceiling, =apl upstile, U2308, ISOamsc
- ⌉ -- ⌉ -- ⌉ -- right ceiling, U2309, ISOamsc
- ⌊ -- ⌊ -- ⌊ -- left floor, =apl downstile, U230A, ISOamsc
- ⌋ -- ⌋ -- ⌋ -- right floor, U230B, ISOamsc
- 〈 -- ⟨ -- 〈 -- left-pointing angle bracket, =bra, U2329 ISOtech
lang is NOT the same character as U003C 'less than'
or U2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation mark'
- 〉 -- ⟩ -- 〉 -- right-pointing angle bracket, =ket, U232A ISOtech
rang is NOT the same character as U003E 'greater than'
or U203A 'single right-pointing angle quotation mark'
- ◊ -- ◊ -- ◊ -- lozenge, U25CA ISOpub
- ♠ -- ♠ -- ♠ -- black spade suit, U2660 ISOpub
black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow
- ♣ -- ♣ -- ♣ -- black club suit, =shamrock, U2663 ISOpub
- ♥ -- ♥ -- ♥ -- black heart suit, =valentine, U2665 ISOpub
- ♦ -- ♦ -- ♦ -- black diamond suit, U2666 ISOpub
Character Entities for special symbols and BIDI text
C0 Controls and Basic Latin
- " -- " -- " -- quotation mark, =apl quote, U0022 ISOnum
- & -- & -- & -- ampersand, U0026 ISOnum
- < -- < -- < -- less-than sign, U003C ISOnum
- > -- > -- > -- greater-than sign, U003E ISOnum
- Π-- Π-- Π-- latin capital ligature oe, U0152 ISOlat2
- œ -- œ -- œ -- latin small ligature oe, U0153 ISOlat2
ligature is a misnomer, this is a separate character in some languages
- Š -- Š -- Š -- latin capital letter s with caron, U0160 ISOlat2
- š -- š -- š -- latin small letter s with caron, U0161 ISOlat2
- Ÿ -- Ÿ -- Ÿ -- latin capital letter y with diaeresis, U0178 ISOlat2
- ˆ -- ˆ -- ˆ -- modifier letter circumflex accent, U02C6 ISOpub
- ˜ -- ˜ -- ˜ -- small tilde, U02DC ISOdia
- --   --   -- en space, U2002 ISOpub
- --   --   -- em space, U2003 ISOpub
- --   --   -- thin space, U2009 ISOpub
- -- ‌ -- ‌ -- zero width non-joiner, U200C NEW RFC 2070
- -- ‍ -- ‍ -- zero width joiner, U200D NEW RFC 2070
- -- ‎ -- ‎ -- left-to-right mark, U200E NEW RFC 2070
- -- ‏ -- ‏ -- right-to-left mark, U200F NEW RFC 2070
- – -- – -- – -- en dash, U2013 ISOpub
- — -- — -- — -- em dash, U2014 ISOpub
- ‘ -- ‘ -- ‘ -- left single quotation mark, U2018 ISOnum
- ’ -- ’ -- ’ -- right single quotation mark, U2019 ISOnum
- ‚ -- ‚ -- ‚ -- single low-9 quotation mark, U201A NEW
- “ -- “ -- “ -- left double quotation mark, U201C ISOnum
- ” -- ” -- ” -- right double quotation mark, U201D ISOnum
- „ -- „ -- „ -- double low-9 quotation mark, U201E NEW
- † -- † -- † -- dagger, U2020 ISOpub
- ‡ -- ‡ -- ‡ -- double dagger, U2021 ISOpub
- ‰ -- ‰ -- ‰ -- per mille sign, U2030 ISOtech
- ‹ -- ‹ -- ‹ -- single left-pointing angle quotation mark, U2039 ISO proposed
lsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardised
- › -- › -- › -- single right-pointing angle quotation mark, U203A ISO proposed
rsaquo is proposed but not yet ISO standardised
- � -- � -- NULL
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 	
-
--
- -- 
- -- 
-
--
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- -- 
- --   -- space
- ! -- !
Alphanumeric and punctuation
- " -- "
- # -- #
- $ -- $
- % -- %
- & -- &
- ' -- '
- ( -- (
- ) -- )
- * -- *
- + -- +
- , -- ,
- - -- -
- . -- .
- / -- /
- 0 -- 0
- 1 -- 1
- 2 -- 2
- 3 -- 3
- 4 -- 4
- 5 -- 5
- 6 -- 6
- 7 -- 7
- 8 -- 8
- 9 -- 9
- : -- :
- ; -- ;
- < -- <
- = -- =
- > -- >
- ? -- ?
- @ -- @
- A -- A
- B -- B
- C -- C
- D -- D
- E -- E
- F -- F
- G -- G
- H -- H
- I -- I
- J -- J
- K -- K
- L -- L
- M -- M
- N -- N
- O -- O
- P -- P
- Q -- Q
- R -- R
- S -- S
- T -- T
- U -- U
- V -- V
- W -- W
- X -- X
- Y -- Y
- Z -- Z
- [ -- [
- \ -- \
- ] -- ]
- ^ -- ^
- _ -- _
- ` -- `
- a -- a
- b -- b
- c -- c
- d -- d
- e -- e
- f -- f
- g -- g
- h -- h
- i -- i
- j -- j
- k -- k
- l -- l
- m -- m
- n -- n
- o -- o
- p -- p
- q -- q
- r -- r
- s -- s
- t -- t
- u -- u
- v -- v
- w -- w
- x -- x
- y -- y
- z -- z
- { -- {
- | -- |
- } -- }
- ~ -- ~
- -- 
- € -- €
- -- 
- ‚ -- ‚
- ƒ -- ƒ
- „ -- „
- … -- …
- † -- †
- ‡ -- ‡
- ˆ -- ˆ
- ‰ -- ‰
- Š -- Š
- ‹ -- ‹
- Œ -- Œ
- -- 
- Ž -- Ž
- -- 
- -- 
- ‘ -- ‘
- ’ -- ’
- “ -- “
- ” -- ”
- • -- •
- – -- –
- — -- —
- ˜ -- ˜
- ™ -- ™
- š -- š
- › -- ›
- œ -- œ
- -- 
- ž -- ž
- Ÿ -- Ÿ
The first bit (before the first HR) of this was generated by applying
s/\<!ENTITY\s*(\w+)\s*CDATA\s*\"\&\#(\d+)\;\"\s*-- (.+) --\>/\<li\>\&\1; -- \&\;\1; -- \&\;\#\2; -- \3/g;
to the definitions at http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-entities-961125. The page, at the time of this posting, was labelled
Chris
Created: 20 September 1996
Last changed $Date: 1998/04/07 21:54:04 $
Portions © International Organization for Standardization 1986
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
conforming SGML systems and applications as defined in
ISO 8879, provided this notice is included in all copies.
This has been extended for use with HTML to cover the full
set of codes in the range 160-255 decimal.
I later went through and used a couple of crazy regexps i don't even remember now in order to deal with netscape (see note at top).
The last bit (the low ASCII) was created with for $num (0..159) {print "<li>&#$num; -- &#$num;"}.