When I was preparing to write the second novel in my urban fantasy
series, my then-editor blew my carefully researched plot entirely
out of the water by telling me, "Our readers don't like
alternate dimensions."
When I gathered my jaw off the floor, I
asked her about their opinion of books such as The Chronicles of
Narnia. This did not sway her one tiny bit. Her view was colored
by a desire to make my books appeal not to science fiction/fantasy
fans but to paranormal romance fans, who make up a much larger share
of the book-buying public. To her market-focused eye, urban fantasy
readers also don't like alternate histories; they don't even like
foreign settings. What they prefer (according to her) are modern-day
American cities, although they might accept London and Toronto and
Sydney. Mars would be right out.
I would certainly hope that other
editors wouldn't take such a narrow view of where an urban fantasy
novel can take place, but clearly some do. If you're a dedicated
SF/F/H reader who's wondered about the seeming blandness of many urban fantasy
settings, well ... now you know where that's coming from.
If you're a writer interested in
tightly targeting your urban fantasy novel to editors at large
publishers, you'll want to set it in the present-day in a reasonably
major U.S. city, preferably one that hasn't been overused in other
popular series. And for the sake of being able to sell your setting
to readers who reside in your city of choice, you'll want it to be a
place that you're personally familiar with.
You can alter pieces of the landscape,
make up businesses and schools etc., but overall Peoria has to seem
like Peoria to the people who actually live there. You can use
public locations like monuments, parks, etc. pretty much as you see
fit; you can refer to real local businesses provided you aren't
portraying them in a negative light. For instance, in Spellbent
I based the run-down apartment complex the protagonists live in on a
real one, but changed the name. The grounding details are all there,
but the risk of a libel lawsuit is removed.
Once you've picked your city, you need
to think about how the fantasy elements fit in. If Peoria has to seem
like real-world Peoria, wizards or vampires can't have been running
around in it out in the open from the city's founding, because then
the city would be a very different place and you'd be in the realm of
an alternate history.
Hidden-world magic is a common and very
useful trope in urban fantasy -- J.K. Rowling uses it in the Harry
Potter series, and Neil Gaiman uses it in a lot of his work. Another
possibility is that the magic or supernatural creatures are coming
right out in the open, but that's because of some world-changing event portrayed in your novel or story; your plot would naturally focus on
characters dealing with that event. Or, as with Ilona Andrews' Kate
Daniels series, it could be shortly after the event, rather like most
zombie apocalypse stories but with less focus on horror and more on
adventure. You can also use all three elements if you have a series.
Next, you need to consider the finer
details of the magical creatures that you'll be using in your novel.
If you're venturing beyond vampires and werewolves -- oh, please,
do! -- you can mine local legends or borrow from the myths of the
people that live in your city of choice and find some really
interesting possibilities. For instance, if you have a Jewish
community, your characters could be dealing with a golem; if you have
a Mexican immigrant community, you could include a variation on the
Crying Woman legend or have a chupacabra, etc. (Yes,
lots of writers have used chupacabras in recent fiction, so that's
not really breaking new ground. I just enjoy the excuse of using that
word. Chupacabra. But I digress....)
If you're using human wizards and
sorcerers, be careful if you're basing your magic on a real-world
religion; in particular, be careful to portray Wicca, Vodou, and
Yoruba/Santeria accurately and steer clear of stereotypes. If you're
dealing with characters who call themselves witches, and if they're
not Wiccans, make that clear. You can have a character who has
twisted a "good" religion to his or her own purposes; make
it clear they're violating tenets of their own faith. Cults are fair
game; however, the difference between a cult and a strange-to-you but
legitimate religion may be in the eye of the beholder. Do your
research before you decide. Avoid cackling evil wart-nosed witches;
in their own way, they're just as old and offensive as blackface
minstrels.
Magic doesn't just happen -- it has to
have rules and internal logic, or it won't seem believable. Making up
a magic system is perfectly fine, but basing your system at least in
part on authentic historical folk magic or historical religious
practices can help you maintain its internal logic and also can help
you give it more depth and grounding detail.
There are a lot of books out there on
magic and mythology, and you can find a tremendous amount of
information online, especially at http://www.sacred-texts.com
... many of these texts are pre-1923, so be aware of cultural bias,
but it is more than a good start for a wide variety of subjects.
Offline, I've found the Witchcraft
and Magic series from the University of
Pennsylvania Press to be useful. These are academic books, and
consequently they tend to be dry, but they're packed with research
and historical details. (Bear in mind that reading about
the witch trials is going to be depressing and infuriating; you can
probably get good details from reading about other periods unless
your book deals directly with the trials in some way).
The upshot is, the information is out
there, so there's no excuse for not doing your research. But at the
same time, don't fall into the trap of doing so much reading that you
don't actually get around to writing.
Whether you base your fantasy elements
on authentic folk magic or make up something new, be sure to ask
yourself these questions:
-
Where does the power for this
magic come from? (Gods or spirits granting powers to mortals, or
something innate/inborn to the wizard or witch?)
-
Who can use this magic? (A
naturally-empowered elite, or pretty much anyone if they get the
right instructions/possess the correct items/learn the right
languages?)
-
What is the "cost" of
using the magic? (Expensive or elusive spell ingredients, the
wizard's own energy or life force, sanity, etc.)
And most important:
-
What effect does the presence of
the magic or supernatural creatures have on your protagonist's daily
life? What effect does it have on the residents of the city?
Think about that one hard -- being
able to portray realistic, believable consequences is crucial in
selling the fantastic elements to the reader. Imagine how your own
life would (or wouldn't) change if this fantastic element entered
your own world.
And remember: your protagonists don't
have to fully understand what's going on-- and you can increase
plot tension if they have to guess and guess incorrectly -- but
you as the author have to have a grip on how things work in the world
you've created.