These are some notes I have from doing a presentation on
Rome during the
Italian Renaissance, in terms of the popes. They are not complete or organized but they may be of some help for further reference:
PRE-RENAISSANCE:
1414-1418
Coucil of Constance
- called to end Great Schism, elects Martin V
RENAISSANCE:
1417-1431
Martin V
1431-1447
Eugenius IV
1447-1455
Nicholas V
1455-1458
Calixtus III
1458-1464
Pius II-
called for Crusade against Turks, failed
-
due to experiences in Germany, inspired church reform
1464-1471
Paul II
1471-1484
Sixtus IV
1484-1492
Innocent III
1492-1503
Alexander VI-
from spanish arm of powerful Borgia family
-
1494 French King Charles VIII invades Italy to vindicate his claim to Naples
-
formed alliance with Milan, Venice, and the Holy Roman emperor to drive French from Italy
-
son Cesare conquered much of northern Italy using strategy of getting close to those in power and then assasinating them, model for Machiavelli's "The Prince"
-
Alexander destroyed power of Roman families and formed alliance with Spain
-
added to University of Rome and Vatican city, commisioned Michelangelo to draw plans for St. Peter's
-
called for Year of Jubilee in 1500
1503-1513
Julius II-
Main goal was restoration of papal states lost by Borgias (Alexander VI)
-
1508 subjugated Perugia & Bologna
-
1509 joined League of Cambrai with Milan, Spain, & Holy Roman Emperor to defeat Venice.
-
failed first attempt to drive French from Italy
-
cardinals defect to French king Louis XII causing schism, Julius counters by summoning Lateran Council
-
drove French from Italy with Swiss aid
-
commisioned architect Donato Bramante & artist Raphael to add to Vatican art/architechture,
& Michelangelo to work on his tomb
1513-1521
Leo X-
elected for pacifist nature
-
pope and head of Medicis- controlled papal states and Florence
-
stopped French march into Italy by alliance with Spain, lost to 2nd French attempt
-
make piece with French and agreed to Concordat of Bologna, granting French kings more power over the church.
-
1517 German monk Martin Luther confronted Rome with 95 theses, Leo condemned and excommunicated Luther.
- Leo underestimated impact of Lutheranism.
1523-1534
Clement VII
1534-1549
Paul III