In the early history of the
Holy Roman Empire, succession was hereditary. However, Emperors had a disturbing tendency to die without heirs, resulting in bloody struggles for the Imperial crown. Eventually a "limited elective monarchy" emerged: The princes of all the sovereign states making up the Empire would elect a candidate emperor, and the
Pope would confirm this choice. Little by little, however, the more powerful princes began to dominate the elections, and the less powerful princes lost the right to this choice. By
1338 the princes were able to remove the requirement of Papal approval.
Charles IV's
Golden Bull of
1356 named seven princes of the Holy Roman Empire whose votes would choose an emperor:
These also formed a
Kurfürstenrat or
Electoral Council, one of the three bodies of the
Reichstag, a legislative body composed of hereditary rulers.
After King
Wenceslaus of Bohemia was outsted in
1400, Bohemia's vote went inactive.
Kurfürst was the most powerful position a person could hold within the Empire, bar the Emperor. Princes were forbidden from styling themselves as
König, although the electors of Saxony and Brandenburg found a way around this. It was also quite lucrative; every elector's vote was up to the highest bidder (The greed of the Archbishop of Mainz eventually led to
the Protestant Reformation). After a while, however, it became apparent that only members of the
Hapsburg family were getting elected.
During the
Thirty Years' War, the Palatine fought on the wrong side. Their vote was transferred to their enemy and Hapsburg supporter, the Duke of
Bavaria, in
1623. However, after the war, a new electorate was created for the Palatine.
In
1692 the Emperor created an electorate for the Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, which we call
Hannover. However, this was not recognized until the diet of
1708. In the same election, the King of Bohemia (Emperor Joseph I) cast the first Bohemian vote in 300 years.
Then, in
1777, the Palatine was absorbed by Bavaria and its vote went away.
Finally, in
1801 and
1803,
Napoleon Bonaparte, who had a firm control of most of Germany at the time, raised many of his allies to the status of Electors and dictated the transfers of several other electorates from those who had fought against him. The details are really irrelevant as the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by another of Napoleon's dicatates, in
1806, before any of the new Kurfürsten had a chance to exercise their votes.